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Surveillance on California dairy farms reveals multiple sources of H5N1 transmission

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Campbell et al. (2025 Preprint) evaluated transmission routes for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1. "We performed extensive air, farm wastewater, and milk sampling on 14 H5N1 positive dairy farms across two different California regions. Virus was detected in the air in milking parlors and from exhaled breath of cows. Infectious H5N1 virus was detected in the air and water streams; sequence analysis revealed viral variants on a farm in these locations."
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wastewater