Drake provides his perspective on "[t]hree theories that could explain why the North American H5N1 epidemic has not been more deadly" in humans.

1. "The molecular hypothesis posits...
   Animal Type:

   • Bovine,
   • Human,
   • Mammalian (Non-domestic, other),
   • Poultry
   Disease Agent:

   • Influenza
   Disease Agent Type:

   • Virus,
   • Zoonosis
   Frequency:

   • One Time
   Production System:

   • Commercial, large-scale,
   • Smallholding,
   • Hobby/Pet,
   • Freeliving
   Region:

   • International
   Science

Gomez et al. (2025) reported the following highlights from their work:

• "We report a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) outbreak among four domestic cats from the same...
  Animal Type:

  • Bovine,
  • Cat
  Disease Agent:

  • Influenza
  Disease Agent Type:

  • Virus,
  • Zoonosis
  Frequency:

  • One Time
  Production System:

  • Hobby/Pet
  Region:

  • United States
  One Health

Alkie et al. (2025) listed the following highlights from their research:

• "Cow- and avian-origin A(H5N1) caused severe mastitis in goats
• Infected goats shed viruses in...
  Animal Type:

  • Bovine,
  • Poultry,
  • Sheep and Goats
  Disease Agent:

  • Influenza
  Disease Agent Type:

  • Virus
  Frequency:

  • One Time
  Organization:

  • Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA),
  • Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (CWHC),
  • Ontario Veterinary College (OVC),
  • Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC),
  • Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM)
  Production System:

  • Commercial, large-scale
  Region:

  • Manitoba,
  • Ontario,
  • Saskatchewan,
  • United States
  Cell Reports

"Highlights:

• Integrated case-control and spatial data to assess biosecurity efficacy in context of local risk.
• Human-mediated transmission pathways contribute to avian...
  Animal Type:

  • Avian (Domestic, Non-poultry),
  • Avian (Non-domestic),
  • Poultry
  Disease Agent:

  • Influenza
  Disease Agent Type:

  • Virus,
  • Zoonosis
  Frequency:

  • One Time
  Production System:

  • Commercial, large-scale,
  • Smallholding,
  • Hobby/Pet,
  • Freeliving
  Region:

  • United States,
  • International
  One Health